Yes. Yes you can.
And the great thing about chaos magick is that if you decide later on you no longer want to be Catholic, that’s fine too.
Belief is just a tool in chaos magick. That’s not to belittle your faith. The stronger you believe the better your magick will be.
Some chaos magicians will say you need to have the ability to shift your belief at a moment’s notice. Fuck em. There’s no rule that says you can’t stick with one.
Ultimately, chaos magick is just a set of techniques that can be applied to almost any belief system.